European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity 10, 3-9 (2017) | DOI: 10.5507/euj.2017.001

Fundamental motor skills in the first year of school: Associations with prematurity and disability

Viviene Anne Temple, Danielle Guerra, Lizette Larocque, Jeff R. Crane, Erin Sloan, Lynneth Stuart-Hill
1 University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
2 Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada

Given the importance of fundamental motor skill proficiency for children's participation in games, sports, and physical activity; our aim was to concurrently examine the fundamental motor skill proficiency of children living with a disability, children born prematurely, and children born full-term without a disability in their first year of school (kindergarten). Participants were 260 children (mean age = 5y9m; boys = 52%); 33 were born prematurely and 12 children lived with a disability. Motor skills were assessed during physical education using the Test of Gross Motor Development-2, and parent reports were used to indicate disability and prematurity status. The motor skill proficiency of all children was quite low; with mean percentile ranks ranging between <1st and 16th percentile for locomotor skills and the 1st and 16th percentile for object control skills. An analysis of variance showed a significant overall effect and a main effect for disability on the gross motor quotient; but there was no main effect for prematurity, nor interaction between prematurity and disability. The vast majority of the children in this study would benefit from a concentrated effort to enhance motor skills; and this was especially true for children with disabilities.

Keywords: early childhood, physical development, delay

Published: March 31, 2017  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Temple, V.A., Guerra, D., Larocque, L., Crane, J.R., Sloan, E., & Stuart-Hill, L. (2017). Fundamental motor skills in the first year of school: Associations with prematurity and disability. European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity, 10(1), 3-9. doi: 10.5507/euj.2017.001
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Bar-Haim, Y., & Bart, O. (2006). Motor function and social participation in kindergarten children. Social Development, 15(2), 296-310. Go to original source...
    2. Bart, O., Hajami, D., & Bar-Haim, Y. (2007). Predicting school adjustment from motor abilities in kindergarten. Infant & Child Development, 16(6), 597-615. Go to original source...
    3. Beck, S., Wojdyla, D., Say, L., Betran, A. P., Merialdi, M., Requejo, J. H., … Van Look, P. F. A. (2010). The worldwide incidence of preterm birth: A systematic review of maternal mortality and morbidity. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 88, 31-38. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    4. Berger, S. E., & Adolph, K. E. (2007). Learning and development in infant locomotion. Progress in Brain Research, 164, 237-255. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    5. Berkeley, S. L., Zittel, L. L., Pitney, L. V., & Nichols, S. E. (2001). Locomotor and object control skills of children diagnosed with autism. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 18, 405-416. Go to original source...
    6. Bruininks, R., & Bruininks, B. (2005). Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2nd edition manual. Minneapolis, MN: NCS Pearson. Go to original source...
    7. Crane, J. R., Naylor, P. J., Cook, R., & Temple, V. A. (2015). Do perceptions of competence mediate the relationship between fundamental motor skill proficiency and physical activity levels of children in kindergarten? Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 12(7), 954-961. doi: 10.1123/jpah.2013-0398 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    8. de Kieviet, J. F., Piek, J. P., Aarnoudse-Moens, C. S., & Oosterlaan, J. (2009). Motor development in very preterm and very low-birth-weight children from birth to adolescence: A meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 302(20), 2235-2242. doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.1708 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    9. Edwards, J., Berube, M., Erlandson, K., Haug, S., Johnstone, H., Meagher, M., … Zwicker, J. G. (2011). Developmental coordination disorder in school-aged children born very preterm and/or at very low birth weight: A systematic review. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 32(9), 678-687. doi: 10.1097/DBP.0b013e31822a396a Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    10. Emck, C., Bosscher, R., Beek, P., & Doreleijers, T. (2009). Gross motor performance and self-perceived motor competence in children with emotional, behavioural, and pervasive developmental disorders: A review. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 51, 501-517. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    11. Fisher, A., Reilly, J. J., Kelly, L. A., Montgomery, C., Williamson, A., Paton, J. Y., & Grant, S. (2005). Fundamental movement skills and habitual physical activity in young children. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 37, 684-688. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    12. Frey, G. C., Stanish, H., & Temple, V. A. (2008). Physical activity of youth with intellectual disability. Review and research agenda. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 25, 95-117. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    13. Green, D., Charman, T., Pickles, A., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., Simonoff, E., & Baird, G. (2009). Impairment in movement skills of children with autistic spectrum disorders. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 51, 311-316. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    14. Health Canada. (2003). Canadian Perinatal Health Report. Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada.
    15. Henderson, S. E., & Sugden, D. A. (1992). Movement Assessment Battery for Children Manual. London: The Psychological Corporation.
    16. Huddy, C. L. J., Johnson, A., & Hope, P. L. (2001). Educational and behavioural problems in babies of 32-35 weeks gestation. Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal & Neonatal Edition, 85(1), F23-F28. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    17. Iivonen, S., & Sääkslahti, A. K. (2014). Preschool children's fundamental motor skills: A review of significant determinants. Early Child Development and Care, 184(7), 1107-1126. doi: 10.1080/03004430.2013.837897 Go to original source...
    18. Katz-Leurer, M., Rotem, H., Keren, O., & Meyer, S. (2009). Balance abilities and gait characteristics in post-traumatic brain injury, cerebral palsy and typically developed children. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 12, 100-105. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    19. Kershaw, P., Irwin, L., Trafford, K., & Hertzman, C. (2005). The British Columbia atlas of child development. Georgetown, ON: Human Early Learning Partnership.
    20. Kerstjens, J. M., de Winter, A. F., Bocca-Tjeertes, I. F., ten Vergert, E. M. J., Reijneveld, S. A., & Bos, A. F. (2011). Developmental delay in moderately preterm-born children at school entry. Journal of Pediatrics, 159(1), 92-98. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    21. Klavina, A., & Kudláèek, M. (2011). Physical education for students with special education needs in Europe: Findings of the EUSAPA project. European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity, 4(2), 46-62. Go to original source...
    22. Langley, R. (1979). Practical Statistics Simply Explained. London: Pan Books.
    23. Lawn, J. E., Gravett, M. G., Nunes, T. M., Rubens, C. E., & Stanton, C. (2010). Global report on preterm birth and stillbirth (1 of 7): Definitions, description of the burden and opportunities to improve data. BMC Pregnancy & Childbirth, 10, 1-22. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    24. LeGear, M., Greyling, L., Sloan, E., Bell, R., Williams, B., Naylor, P., & Temple, V. A. (2012). A window of opportunity? Motor skills and perceptions of competence of children in Kindergarten. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9, 29-34. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    25. Majnemer, A., Shevell, M., Law, M., Birnbaum, R., Chilingaryan, G., Rosenbaum, P., & Poulin, C. (2008). Participation and enjoyment of leisure activities in school-aged children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 50, 751-758. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03068.x Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    26. Manjiviona, J., & Prior, M. (1995). Comparison of asperger syndrome and high-functioning autistic children on a test of motor impairment. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 25, 23-39. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    27. Margetts, K. (2002). Transition to school - Complexity and diversity. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 10(2), 103-114. doi: 10.1080/13502930285208981 Go to original source...
    28. Murphy, N., & Carbone, P. (2008). Promoting the participation of children with disabilities in sports, recreation, and physical activities. Pediatrics, 121, 1057-1061. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    29. Payne, G. V., & Issacs, L. D. (2008). Human motor development. A lifespan approach (7th ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill.
    30. Provost, B., Heimerl, S., & Lopez, B. R. (2007). Levels of gross and fine motor development in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 27, 21-36. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    31. Raniero, E. P., Tudella, E., & Mattos, R. S. (2010). Pattern and rate of motor skill acquisition among preterm infants during the first four months corrected age. Revista Brasileira de Fisioterapia, 4, 396-403. Go to original source...
    32. Rarick, G. L. (1980). Cognitive-motor relationships in the growing years. Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport, 51, 174-192. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    33. Rimmer, J. H., & Rowland, J. L. (2008). Physical activity for youth with disabilities: A critical need in an underserved population. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 11, 141-148. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    34. Robinson, L. E., Stodden, D. F., Barnett, L. M., Lopes, V. P., Logan, S. W., Rodrigues, L. P., & D'Hondt, E. (2015). Motor competence and its effect on positive developmental trajectories of health. Sports Medicine, 45(9), 1273-1284. doi: 10.1007/s40279-015-0351-6 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    35. Rudisill, M. E., Adalbjornsson, C. F., Howard, C. H., Lehman, D., Wiley, P., Martin, E. H., … Valentini, N. C. (2001). Mastery motivational climate interventions and motor skill performance: Gender issues. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 23, S55.
    36. Salkind, N. J., & Rasmussen, K. (2007). Kruskal-Wallis One- Way Analysis of Variance. In N. J. Salkind (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Measurement and Statistics (Vol. 2, pp. 519-521). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Reference.
    37. Shikako-Thomas, K., Majnemer, A., Law, M., & Lach, L. (2008). Determinants of participation in leisure activities in children and youth with cerebral palsy: Systematic review. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 28, 155-169. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    38. Simons, J., Daly, D., Theodorou, F., Caron, C., Simons, J., & Andoniadou, E. (2008). Validity and reliability of the TGMD-2 in 7-10-year-old Flemish children with intel lectual disability. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 25, 71-82. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    39. SPSS Inc. (2013). IBM SPSS Statistics (Version 22). NY: Somers.
    40. Steele, C., Kalnins, I., Jutai, J., Stevens, S., Bortolussi, J., & Biggar, W. (1996). Lifestyle health behaviors of 11- to 16-year-old youth with physical disabilities. Health Education Research, 11, 173-186. Go to original source...
    41. Stephens, B. E., & Vohr, B. R. (2009). Neurodevelopmental outcome of the premature infant. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 56(3), 631-646. doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2009.03.005 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    42. Stodden, D. F., Goodway, J. D., Langendorfer, S. J., Roberton, M. A., Rudisill, M. E., Garcia, C., & Garcia, L. E. (2008). A developmental perspective on the role of motor skill competence in physical activity: An emergent relationship. Quest, 60(2), 290-306. Go to original source...
    43. Temple, V. A., Crane, J. R., Brown, A., Williams, B., & Bell, R. I. (2016). Relationships between recreational pursuits and motor skills in young children. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 21(3), 268-280. doi: 10.1080/17408989.2014.924494 Go to original source...
    44. Thorsen, A. A., Bø, I., Løge, I. K., & Omdal, H. (2006). Transition from day-care centres to school: What kind of information do schools want from day-care centres and parents, and what kind of information do the two parties want to give schools? European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 14(1), 77-90. doi: 10.1080/13502930685209821 Go to original source...
    45. Ulrich, D. A. (2000). Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2) (2nd ed.). Austin, TX: PRO-ED, Inc.
    46. Valentini, N., & Rudisill, M. (2004). Motivational climate, motor-skill development, and perceived competence: Two studies of developmentally delayed kindergarten children. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 23, 216-234. Go to original source...
    47. Westendorp, M., Houwen, S., Hartman, E., & Visscher, C. (2011). Are gross motor skills and sports participation related in children with intellectual disabilities? Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(3), 1147-1153. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2011.01.009 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    48. Williams, H. G., Pfeiffer, K. A., O'Neill, J. R., Dowda, M., McIver, K. L., Brown, W. H., & Pate, R. R. (2008). Motor skill performance and physical activity in preschool children. Obesity, 16, 1421-1426. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    49. Wocadlo, C., & Rieger, I. (2008). Motor impairment and low achievement in very preterm children at eight years of age. Early Human Development, 84(11), 769-776. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    50. Woodard, R., & Surburg, P. (2001). The performance of fundamental movement skills by elementary school children with learning disabilities. Physical Educator, 58, 198-206.
    51. Zarrett, N., Fay, K., Li, Y., Carrano, J., Phelps, E., & Lerner, R. M. (2009). More than child's play: Variableand pattern-centered approaches for examining effects of sports participation on youth development. Developmental Psychology, 45(2), 368-382. doi: 10.1037/a0014577 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content