European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity 15, 4 (2022) | DOI: 10.5507/euj.2021.012

Measurement properties of scores from a novel blind football assessment for adolescents with visual impairments

Adam Pennell1,, Emily Gilbert2,, Ali Brian3,, Pamela Beach4,, Lauren Lieberman4
1 Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, USA
2 Department of Physical Education, State University of New York at Cortland, Cortland, NY, USA
3 Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
4 Department of Kinesiology, Sports Studies, and Physical Education, State University of New York’s at Brockport, Brockport, NY, USA

Football (soccer) is one of the most popular sports for individuals with visual impairments (VI) worldwide but nascent within the United States (US). While there is burgeoning interest toward developing blind football at grassroot and national levels, particularly with the forthcoming 2028 Paralympics, no football-based talent identification or skill assessment has been developed or vetted in the US. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the immediate measurement properties of scores from a novel football assessment in amateur-skilled adolescents with VI in the US. Adolescents (n = 57) with VI physically completed the Blind Football Skills Test for Adolescents with VI (BFST-AVI) which was comprised of five football-related tasks. Scores were analyzed by item analyses, internal consistency, convergent validity, and construct validity procedures.  The results suggested that total and individual assessment scores had acceptable levels of reliability and validity. The BFST-AVI can be adopted immediately by grassroot organizations, national governing bodies, coaches, adapted and general physical educators, and associated practitioners for talent identification or general motor skill assessment purposes for amateur-skilled adolescents with VI.

Keywords: soccer; children; youth; reliability; validity; evaluation; talent identification; motor skill; Paralympics

Received: February 3, 2021; Revised: October 4, 2021; Accepted: November 2, 2021; Published online: April 28, 2022  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Pennell, A., Gilbert, E., Brian, A., Beach, P., & Lieberman, L. (2022). Measurement properties of scores from a novel blind football assessment for adolescents with visual impairments. European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity, 15, Article 4. https://doi.org/10.5507/euj.2021.012
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Altman, D., & Bland, J. (1994). Statistics notes: Quartiles, quintiles, centiles, and other quantiles. British Medical Journal, 309, 996. http://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.309.6960.996 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    2. American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & the National Council on Measurement in Education. (2014). Standards for educational and psychological testing. American Educational Research Association.
    3. Bennett, D. (2001). How can I deal with missing data in my study?. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 25(5), 464-469. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842X.2001.tb00294.x Go to original source...
    4. Bennette, C., & Vickers, A. (2012). Against quantiles: Categorization of continuous variables in epidemiologic research, and its discontents. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 12(1), 21. http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-12-21 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    5. Bergeron, M., Mountjoy, M., Armstrong, N., Chia, M., Côté, J., Emery, C., Faigenbaum, A., Hall Jr., G. Kriemler, S., Léglise, M., Malina, R., Pensgaard, A., Sanchez, A., Soligard, T., Sundgot-Borgen, J., van Mechelen, W., Weissensteiner, J., & Engebretsen, L. (2015). International Olympic Committee consensus statement on youth athletic development. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(13), 843-851. http://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094962 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    6. Breiman, L. (2001). Random forests. Machine Learning, 45, 5-32. http://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010933404324 Go to original source...
    7. Brian, A., Taunton, S., Lieberman, L., Haibach-Beach, P., Foley, J., & Santarossa, S. (2018). Psychometric properties of the Test of Gross Motor Development-3 for children with visual impairments. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 35(2), 145-158. http://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.2017-0061 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    8. Carlson, K., & Herdman, A. (2012). Understanding the impact of convergent validity on research results. Organizational Research Methods, 15(1), 17-32. http://doi.org/10.1177/1094428110392383 Go to original source...
    9. Clark, L., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 309-319. http://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309 Go to original source...
    10. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.).
    11. Erlbaum.
    12. Cristóbal, E., Flavián , C., & Guinalíu, M. (2007). Perceived e-service quality (PeSQ): Measurement validation and effects on consumer satisfaction and web site loyalty. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 17(3), 317-340. http://doi.org/10.1108/09604520710744326 Go to original source...
    13. Crutzen, R., & Peters, G. (2015). Scale quality: Alpha is an inadequate estimate and factor-analytic evidence is needed first of all. Health Psychology Review, 11(3), 242-247. http://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2015.1124240 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    14. Dong, Y., & Peng, C. (2013). Principled missing data methods for researchers. SpringerPlus, 2(1), 222 http://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-2-222 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    15. Espinoza, S., Quiben, M., & Hazuda, H. (2018). Distinguishing comorbidity, disability, and frailty. Current Geriatrics Reports, 7(4), 201-209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13670-018-0254-0 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    16. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. (2007). Big Count 2006: Statistical summary report by association. https://resources.fifa.com/image/upload/big-count-summary-report-association-520044.pdf?cloudid=vrnjcgakvf7nds6sl5rx
    17. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. (2018). 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia: Global broadcast and audience summary. https://resources.fifa.com/image/upload/njqsntrvdvqv8ho1dag5.pdf
    18. Ferketich, S. (1991). Focus on psychometrics. Aspects of item analysis. Research in Nursing & Health, 14(2), 165-168. http://doi.org/10.1002/nur.4770140211 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    19. Fisher, R. (1958). Statistical methods for research workers (13th ed.).Oliver & Boyd.
    20. Gamonales, J., Muñoz-Jiménez, J., León-Guzmán, K., & Ibáñez, S. (2018). 5-a-side football for individuals with visual impairments: A review of the literature. European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity, 11(1). http://doi.org/10.5507/euj.2018.004 Go to original source...
    21. Gilbert, E., & Pennell, A. (2019). 5-a-side soccer manual for the blind and visually impaired. https://www.usaba.org/wp-content/uploads/5-a-side-soccer-Manual-2019.pdf
    22. Haegele, J. A. (2018). Youth leisure-time physical activity from the perspectives of young adults with visual impairments. European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity, 11(2). http://doi.org/10.5507/euj.2018.010 Go to original source...
    23. Haibach, P., Wagner, M., & Lieberman, L. (2014). Determinants of gross motor skill performance in children with visual impairments. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(10), 2577-2584. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.05.030 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    24. Henry, F. (1958). Specificity versus generality in learning motor skill. Annual Proceedings, College Physical Education Association, 61, 126-128.
    25. Hinkle, D., Wiersma, W., & Jurs, S. (2003). Applied statistics for the behavioral sciences (5th ed.). Houghton Mifflin.
    26. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 20 U.S.C. § 1400. (2004).
    27. International Blind Sports Association. (2017a). Football five-a-side laws 2017-2021: B1 category. https://blindfootball.sport/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/960-Rules-IBSA-Blind-Football-B1-Rulebook-2017-2021.pdf
    28. International Blind Sports Association. (2017b). Football five-a-side laws 2017-2021: B2-B3 category. https://blindfootball.sport/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/622-Rules-IBSA-Partially-Sighted-Football-B2-B3-Rulebook-2017-2021.pdf
    29. International Blind Sports Association. (2021, April 15).Overview. https://blindfootball.sport/about-football/overview/
    30. Kang, H. (2013). The prevention and handling of the missing data. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, 64(5), 402-406. http://doi.org/10.4097/kjae.2013.64.5.402 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    31. Kim, S., & Frisby, C. (2019). Gaining from discretization of continuous data: The correspondence analysis biplot approach. Behavior Research Methods, 51(2), 589-601. http://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-018-1161-1 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    32. Lankhorst, K., Takken, T., Zwinkels, M., van Gaalen, L., Velde, S., Backx, F., Verschuren, O., Wittink, H., & de Groot, J. (2019). Sports participation, physical activity, and health-related fitness in youth with chronic diseases or physical disabilities: The health in adapted youth sports study. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 35(8), 2327-2337. http://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003098 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    33. Lieberman, L., Ponchillia, P., & Ponchillia, S. (2013). Physical education and sports for people with visual impairments and deafblindness: Foundations of instruction. AFB Press.
    34. McIntire, S., & Miller, L. (2007). Foundations of psychological testing: A practical approach (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
    35. Mycock, D., & Molnár, G. (2020). 'The blind leading the blind'- A reflection on coaching blind football. European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity, 14(3). http://doi.org/ 10.5507/euj.2020.011 Go to original source...
    36. Oba, S., Sato, M., Takemasa, I., Monden, M., Matsubara, K., & Ishii, S. (2003). A Bayesian missing value estimation method for gene expression profile data. Bioinformatics, 19(16), 2088-2096. http://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg287 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    37. Oh, Y., Arthur-Banning, S., & Domka, M. (2021). SWOT analysis on the potential growth of Football 5-a-side programme across the United States: An exploratory case study approach for athletes with visual impairment. Sport in Society, 24(9), 1683-1697. http://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2020.1768242 Go to original source...
    38. Plonsky, L., & Oswald, F. (2017). Multiple regression as a flexible alternative to ANOVA in L2 research. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 39(3), 579-592. http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263116000231 Go to original source...
    39. Portney, L.(2020). Foundations of clinical research: Applications to evidence-based practice (4th ed.). F.A. Davis Co.
    40. Rubin, D. (1976). Inference and missing data. Biometrika, 63(3), 581-592. http://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/63.3.581 Go to original source...
    41. Schwab, D. (1980). Construct validity in organizational behavior. Research in Organizational Behavior, 2, 3-43.
    42. Skaggs, S., & Hopper, C. (1996). Individuals with visual impairments: A review of psychomotor behavior. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 13(1), 16-26. Go to original source...
    43. Stekhoven, D., & Bühlmann, P. (2012). MissForest-non-parametric missing value imputation for mixed-type data. Bioinformatics, 28(1), 112-118. http://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btr597 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    44. Stodden, D., Gao, Z., Goodway, J., & Langendorfer, S. (2014). Dynamic relationships between motor skill competence and health-related fitness in youth. Pediatric Exercise Science, 26(3), 231-241. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2013-0027 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    45. Tabachnick B., & Fidell, L. (2012) Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson.
    46. Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach's alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53-55. http://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    47. Templ, M., Kowarik, A., Alfons, A., de Cillia, G., Prantner, B., & Rannetbauer, W. (2021). VIM: Visualization and imputation of missing values. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/VIM/index.html
    48. Tindall, D. (2013). Creating disability awareness through sport: Exploring the participation, attitudes and perceptions of post-primary female students in Ireland. Irish Educational Studies, 32(4), 457-475. https://doi.org/10.1080/03323315.2013.859339 Go to original source...
    49. Tindall, D., McMahon, K., Willson, J., & Foley, J. (2013). Disability awareness through futsal. Physical Education Matters, 8(2), 26-29.
    50. Ulrich, D. (2019). The Test of Gross Motor Development (3rd ed.). PRO-ED, Inc. Go to original source...
    51. United States Association of Blind Athletes. (2017, December 20). Visual classifications. https://www.usaba.org/membership/visual-classifications/
    52. United States Association of Blind Athletes. (2021, September 28). USA blind soccer. https://www.usaba.org/sports/blind-soccer/

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content