European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity 16, 8 (2023) | DOI: 10.5507/euj.2022.014

Quality of reporting on physical activity content and teaching perspective. A scoping review on children with autism.

Anette Bentholm1, Daniel Ramskov1*
1 Department of Physiotherapy, University College Northern Denmark, Aalborg, Denmark

The objective of this scoping review was to provide an overview of the variety and characteristics of publications on physical activity (PA) in studies including children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and to evaluate the quality of the available information on PA content and description of teaching. This is important because completeness of intervention reporting holds great value for practitioners, patients, community leaders, and policymakers. The following research questions were answered (i) How is the PA content description completeness according to the 12 items in the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDIeR) checklist? (ii) What teaching methods and styles applied in conjunction with PA are described in the included studies? PRISMA-extension for scoping reviews was used to guide the completion and reporting of the study. Publications reporting on children with ASD participating in PA were included. Data on PA content was collected using TIDieR. A qualitative content analysis guided the data collection on teaching methods and styles. None of the included publications reported on all items in TIDieR. Aspects of teaching was described in 40% of the included publications. The existing literature on the relationship between PA participation and ASD-related symptoms in children is extensive and characterized by variations in design and methods. Reporting according to the TIDieR was generally incomplete, and descriptions of teaching could benefit from added detail regarding teaching methods and styles.

Keywords: intervention reporting; teaching methods; teaching styles; TIDieR

Received: March 25, 2022; Revised: October 31, 2022; Accepted: November 28, 2022; Prepublished online: September 8, 2023; Published online: September 25, 2023  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Bentholm, A., & Ramskov, D. (2023). Quality of reporting on physical activity content and teaching perspective. A scoping review on children with autism. European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity, 16, Article 8. https://doi.org/10.5507/euj.2022.014
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Ajzenman, H. F., Standeven, J. W., & Shurtleff, T. L. (2013). Effect of hippotherapy on motor control, adaptive behaviors, and participation in children with autism spectrum disorder: A pilot study. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 67(6), 653-663. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2013.008383 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    2. Alaniz, M. L., Rosenberg, S. S., Beard, N. R., & Rosario, E. R. (2017). The effectiveness of aquatic group therapy for improving water safety and social interactions in children with autism spectrum disorder: A pilot program. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(12), 4006-4017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3264-4 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    3. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5®) (5th Ed.). American Psychiatric Association. https://www.appi.org/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders_DSM-5_Fifth_Edition Go to original source...
    4. Anderson-Hanley, C., Tureck, K., & Schneiderman, R. L. (2011). Autism and exergaming: Effects on repetitive behaviors and cognition. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 4, 129-137. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S24016 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    5. Anderson, D. C., Henderson, H., & Williams, D. P. (2017). Increasing pedal duration on a stationary recumbent bicycle in children with autism spectrum disorder by comparing the effectiveness of immediate versus delayed reinforcement. Palaestra, 31(2), 27-34. https://js.sagamorepub.com/index.php/palaestra/article/view/8430
    6. Arksey, H., & O'Malley, L. (2005). Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology: Theory and Practice, 8(1), 19-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616 Go to original source...
    7. Arnell, S., Jerlinder, K., & Lundqvist, L. O. (2018). Perceptions of physical activity participation among adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: A conceptual model of conditional participation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(5), 1792-1802. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3436-2 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    8. Bahrami, F., Movahedi, A., Marandi, S. M., & Sorensen, C. (2016). The effect of karate techniques training on communication deficit of children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(3), 978-986. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2643-y Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    9. Bass, M. M., Duchowny, C. A., & Llabre, M. M. (2009). The effect of therapeutic horseback riding on social functioning in children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(9), 1261-1267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-009-0734-3 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    10. Bittner, M. D., Rigby, B. R., Silliman-French, L., Nichols, D. L., & Dillon, S. R. (2017). Use of technology to facilitate physical activity in children with autism spectrum disorders: A pilot study. Physiology and Behavior, 177(February), 242-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.05.012 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    11. Bittner, M., Silliman-french, L., Myers, D., & Nichols, D. (2018). Effectiveness of instructional strategies on the motor performance of children with autism spectrum disorder. Palaestra, 32(2), 36-43. https://js.sagamorepub.com/palaestra/article/view/9093
    12. Bo, J., Pang, Y. L., Dong, L., Xing, Y., Xiang, Y., Zhang, M., Wright, M., & Shen, B. (2019). Brief report: Does social functioning moderate the motor outcomes of a physical activity program for children with autism spectrum disorders-A pilot study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(1), 415-421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3717-4 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    13. Bremer, E., Balogh, R., & Lloyd, M. (2015). Effectiveness of a fundamental motor skill intervention for 4-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder: A pilot study. Autism, 19(8), 980-991. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361314557548 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    14. Bremer, E., Crozier, M., & Lloyd, M. (2016). A systematic review of the behavioural outcomes following exercise interventions for children and youth with autism spectrum disorder. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 20(8), 899-915. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361315616002 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    15. Bremer, E., & Lloyd, M. (2016). School-based fundamental-motor-skill intervention for children with autism-like characteristics: An exploratory study. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 33(1), 66-88. https://doi.org/10.1123/APAQ.2015-0009 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    16. Brewster, S., & Coleyshaw, L. (2011). Participation or exclusion? Perspectives of pupils with autistic spectrum disorders on their participation in leisure activities. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 39(4), 284-291. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.2010.00665.x Go to original source...
    17. Caputo, G., Ippolito, G., Mazzotta, M., Sentenza, L., Muzio, M. R., Salzano, S., & Conson, M. (2018). Effectiveness of a multisystem aquatic therapy for children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(6), 1945-1956. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3456-y Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    18. Casey, A. F., Quenneville-Himbeault, G., Normore, A., Davis, H., & Martell, S. G. (2015). A therapeutic skating intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 27(2), 170-177. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEP.0000000000000139 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    19. Cei, A., Franceschi, P., Rosci, M., Sepio, D., & Ruscello, B. (2017). Motor and psychosocial development in children with autism spectrum disorder through soccer. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 48(5), 485-507. https://doi:10.7352/IJSP.2017.48.485 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    20. Clapham, E. D., Lamont, L. S., Shim, M., & Armitano, C. (2018). A case report illustrating the implementation of a therapeutic surfing intervention for an adolescent with autism. Palaestra, 32(2), 49-54. https://js.sagamorepub.com/palaestra/article/view/9095
    21. Colquhoun, H. L., Levac, D., O'Brien, K. K., Straus, S., Tricco, A. C., Perrier, L., Kastner, M., & Moher, D. (2014). Scoping reviews: Time for clarity in definition, methods, and reporting. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 67(12), 1291-1294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.03.013 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    22. Cotterill, S., Knowles, S., Martindale, A.-M., Elvey, R., Howard, S., Coupe, N., Wilson, P., & Spence, M. (2018). Getting messier with TIDieR: Embracing context and complexity in intervention reporting. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 18(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-017-0461-y Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    23. Craig, D. W. (2021). Examining the effectiveness of physical activity interventions for children with autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 50(1), 104-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/10852352.2021.1915939 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    24. Dieringer, S. T., Zoder-Martell, K., Porretta, D. L., Bricker, A., & Kabazie, J. (2017). Increasing physical activity in children with autism through music, prompting, and modeling. Psychology in the Schools, 54(4), 421-432. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22003 Go to original source...
    25. Ennis, E. (2011). The effects of a physical therapy-directed aquatic program on children with autism spectrum disorders. The Journal of Aquatic Physical Therapy, 19(1), 4-10. https://doi.org/10.5703/1288284315656 Go to original source...
    26. Ferreira, J. P., Andrade Toscano, C. V., Rodrigues, A. M., Furtado, G. E., Barros, M. G., Wanderley, R. S., & Carvalho, H. M. (2018). Effects of a physical exercise program (PEP-Aut) on autistic children's stereotyped behavior, metabolic and physical activity profiles, physical fitness, and health-related quality of life: A study protocol. Frontiers in Public Health, 6(MAR), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00047 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    27. Ferreira, J. P., Ghiarone, T., Júnior, C. R. C., Furtado, G. E., Carvalho, H. M., Rodrigues, A. M., & Toscano, C. V. A. (2019). Effects of physical exercise on the stereotyped behavior of children with autism spectrum disorders. Medicina, 55(10), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55100685 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    28. Fragala-Pinkham, M. A., Haley, S. M., & O'Neil, M. E. (2011). Group swimming and aquatic exercise programme for children with autism spectrum disorders: A pilot study. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 14(4), 230-241. https://doi.org/10.3109/17518423.2011.575438 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    29. Gehricke, J. G., Chan, J., Farmer, J. G., Fenning, R. M., Steinberg-Epstein, R., Misra, M., Parker, R. A., & Neumeyer, A. M. (2020). Physical activity rates in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder compared to the general population. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 70, 101490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2019.101490 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    30. Glasgow, R. E., & Emmons, K. M. (2007). How can we increase translation of research into practice? Types of evidence needed. Annual Review of Public Health, 28, 413-433. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144145 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    31. Goodarzi, M., & Hemayattalab, R. (2012). Bone mineral density accrual in students with autism spectrum disorders: Effects of calcium intake and physical training. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6(2), 690-695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2011.02.015 Go to original source...
    32. Gordon, R., Handleman, J. S., & Harris, S. L. (1986). The effects of contingent versus non-contingent running on the out-of-seat behavior of an autistic boy. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 8(3), 37-44. https://doi.org/10.1300/J019v08n03_04 Go to original source...
    33. Gross, N., Sharova, T., Berkutova, I., & Bukanova, G. (2017). Vertical postural control improvement using training simulators in application to health-impaired children with musculoskeletal functionality disorders. Theory and practice of physical culture,2(24), 2409-4234. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=29655191
    34. Guest, L., Balogh, R., Dogra, S., & Lloyd, M. (2017). Examining the impact of a multi-sport camp for girls ages 8-11 with autism spectrum disorder. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 51(2), 109-126. https://doi.org/10.18666/trj-2017-v51-i2-7383 Go to original source...
    35. Hawkins, B., Ryan, J. B., Cory, A. L., & Donaldson, M. C. (2014). Effects of equine-assisted therapy on gross motor skills of two children with autism spectrum disorder. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 48(2), 135-150. https://js.sagamorepub.com/trj/article/view/4633
    36. Hayakawa, K., & Kobayashi, K. (2011). Physical and motor skill training for children with intellectual disabilities. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 112(2), 573-580. https://doi.org/10.2466/06.13.15.PMS.112.2.573-580 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    37. Healy, S., Nacario, A., Braithwaite, R. E., & Hopper, C. (2018). The effect of physical activity interventions on youth with autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis. Autism Research, 11(6), 818-833. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1955 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    38. Hilton, C. L., Cumpata, K., Klohr, C., Gaetke, S., Artner, A., Johnson, H., & Dobbs, S. (2014). Effects of exergaming on executive function and motor skills in children with autism spectrum disorder: A pilot study. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 68(1), 57-65. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2014.008664 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    39. Hoffmann, T. C., Glasziou, P. P., Boutron, I., Milne, R., Perera, R., Moher, D., Altman, D. G., Barbour, V., Macdonald, H., Johnston, M., Lamb, S. E., Dixon-Woods, M., McCulloch, P., Wyatt, J. C., Chan, A.-W., & Michie, S. (2014). Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 348, g1687. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g1687 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    40. Hopewell, S., Clarke, M., Moher, D., Wager, E., Middleton, P., Altman, D. G., Schulz, K. F., & CONSORT Group. (2008). CONSORT for reporting randomised trials in journal and conference abstracts. Lancet (London, England), 371(9609), 281-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61835-2 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    41. Jafar, A. (2017). The effectiveness of participation in sports program on social interactions among children with autism spectrum disorder. [New Mexico State University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Thesis.
    42. Kattackal, T. R., Cavallo, S., Brosseau, L., Sivakumar, A., Del Bel, M. J., Dorion, M., Ueffing, E., & Toupin-April, K. (2020). Assessing the reporting quality of physical activity programs in randomized controlled trials for the management of juvenile idiopathic arthritis using three standardized assessment tools. Pediatric Rheumatology, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12969-020-00434-9 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    43. Kern, L., Koegel, R. L., & Dunlap, G. (1984). The influence of vigorous versus mild exercise on autistic stereotyped behaviors. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 14(1), 57-67. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02408555 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    44. Kern, L., Koegel, R. L., Dyer, K., Blew, P. A., & Fenton, L. R. (1982). The effects of physical exercise on self-stimulation and appropriate responding in autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 12(4), 399-419. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01538327 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    45. Ketcheson, L., Hauck, J., & Ulrich, D. (2017). The effects of an early motor skill intervention on motor skills, levels of physical activity, and socialization in young children with autism spectrum disorder: A pilot study. Autism, 21(4), 481-492. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361316650611 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    46. Lamb, P., Firbank, D., & Aldous, D. (2016). Capturing the world of physical education through the eyes of children with autism spectrum disorders. Sport, Education and Society, 21(5), 698-722. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2014.941794 Go to original source...
    47. Lang, R., Koegel, L. K., Ashbaugh, K., Regester, A., Ence, W., & Smith, W. (2010). Physical exercise and individuals with autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 4(4), 565-576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2010.01.006 Go to original source...
    48. Ledford, J. R., Lane, J. D., Shepley, C., & Kroll, S. M. (2016). Using teacher-implemented playground interventions to increase engagement, social behaviors, and physical activity for young children with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 31(3), 163-173. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088357614547892 Go to original source...
    49. Lee, J. (2013). The effects of physical activities on stereotypic behaviors and task engagement in preschool children with autism spectrum disorders [The Ohio State University]. Graduate program of Education http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1373931351
    50. Lee, J., Vargo, K. K., & Porretta, D. L. (2018). An evaluation of the effects of antecedent exercise type on stereotypic behaviors. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 30(3), 409-426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-018-9593-1 Go to original source...
    51. Levac, D., Colquhoun, H., & O'Brien, K. K. (2010). Scoping studies: Advancing the methodology. Implementation Science, 5, 69. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-5-69 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    52. Losinski, M., Cook, K., Hirsch, S., & Sanders, S. (2017). The effects of deep pressure therapies and antecedent exercise on stereotypical behaviors of students with autism spectrum disorders. Behavioral Disorders, 42(4), 196-208. https://doi.org/10.1177/0198742917715873 Go to original source...
    53. Lourenco, C., Esteves, D., Corredeira, R., & Seabra, A. (2015). Children with autism spectrum disorder and trampoline training. Wulfenia Journal, 22(5), 342-351. https://doi.org/10.3928/00904481-20131122-10 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    54. Lynggard, K. (2020). Dokument analyse. Kvalitative metoder en grundbog (3rd ed., pp. 185-202). Hans Reitzels forlag. http://hansreitzel.dk/Metode-og-videnskabsteori/Kvalitative-metoder/9788741259048
    55. MacDonald, M., Esposito, P., Hauck, J., Jeong, I., Hornyak, J., Argento, A., & Ulrich, D. A. (2012). Bicycle training for youth with down syndrome and autism spectrum disorders. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 27(1), 12-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088357611428333 Go to original source...
    56. MacDonald, M., Jaszewski, C., Esposito, P., & Ulrich, D. (2011). The effect of learning to ride a two-wheel bicycle on the social development of children with autism spectrum disorder. Palaestra, 25(4), 37-42.
    57. MacDonald, M., Lord, C., & Ulrich, D. A. (2013). The relationship of motor skills and social communicative skills in school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 30(3), 271-282. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.30.3.271 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    58. Markkanen, P., Anttila, M., & Välimäki, M. (2019). Knowledge, skills, and support needed by teaching personnel for managing challenging situations with pupils. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(19), 3646. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193646 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    59. May, T., Rinehart, N., Barnett, L., Hinkley, T., McGillivray, J., Skouteris, H., Stephens, D., & Goldfinch, D. (2018). We´re doing AFL auskick well´: Experiences of an adapted football program for children with autism. Journal of Motor Learning and Development, 6(1), 130-146. https://doi.org/101123/jmld.2016-0055 Go to original source...
    60. Mays, M. N. M. (2013). Using antecedent aerobic exercise to decrease stereotypic and self-stimulatory behavior in children with autism [Georgia State University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Thesis.
    61. McLaughlin, C. A. H. (2010). Decreasing stereotypy in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder: The role of increased physical activity and function [University of Washington]. ProQuest Dissertations and Thesis.
    62. Melton, I. (2017). Increasing exercise time and evaluating health benefits of acute bouts of exrcise in children with autism spectrum disorders. [Endicott College]. ProQuest Dissertations and Thesis.
    63. Meneses-Echavez, J. F., Rodriguez-Prieto, I., Elkins, M., Martínez-Torres, J., Nguyen, L., & Bidonde, J. (2019). Analysis of reporting completeness in exercise cancer trials: A systematic review. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 19(1), 220. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-019-0871-0 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    64. Miltenberger, C. A., & Charlop, M. H. (2014). Increasing the athletic group play of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(1), 41-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1850-7 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    65. Mische Lawson, L., & Little, L. (2017). Feasibility of a swimming intervention to improve sleep behaviors of children with autism spectrum disorder. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 51(2), 97-108. https://doi.org/10.18666/trj-2017-v51-i2-7899 Go to original source...
    66. Mohamed, S.-E. (2017). Effect of aquatic exercises approach (Hallwick-Therapy) on motor skills for children with autism spectrum disorders. Science, Movement and Health, 17(2), 490-496.
    67. Moher, D., Schulz, K. F., Simera, I., & Altman, D. G. (2010). Guidance for developers of health research reporting guidelines. PLoS Medicine, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000217 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    68. Moradi, H., Sohrabi, M., Taheri, H., Khodashenas, E., & Movahedi, A. (2018). The effects of different combinations of perceptual-motor exercises, music, and vitamin D supplementation on the nerve growth factor in children with high-functioning autism. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 31, 139-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.02.005 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    69. Morrier, M. J., & Ziegler, S. M. T. (2018). I wanna play too: Factors related to changes in social behavior for children with and without autism spectrum disorder after implementation of a structured outdoor play curriculum. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(7), 2530-2541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3523-z Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    70. Najafabadi, M. G., Sheikh, M., Hemayattalab, R., Memari, A. H., Aderyani, M. R., & Hafizi, S. (2018). The effect of SPARK on social and motor skills of children with autism. Pediatrics and Neonatology, 59(5), 481-487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedneo.2017.12.005 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    71. Neely, L., Rispoli, M., Gerow, S., & Ninci, J. (2015). Effects of antecedent exercise on academic engagement and stereotypy during instruction. Behavior Modification, 39(1), 98-116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445514552891 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    72. Nelson, C., Paul, K., Johnston, S., & Kidder, J. (2017). Use of a creative dance intervention package to increase social engagement and play complexity of young children with autism spectrum disorder. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 52(2), 170-185. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26420388
    73. Nicholson, H., Kehle, T. J., Bray, M. A., & Van, H. J. (2011). The effects of antecedent physical activity on the academic engagement of children with autism spectrum disorders. Psychology in Schools, 48(2), 198-213. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits Go to original source...
    74. Obrusnikova, I., & Dillon, S. R. (2011). Challenging situations when teaching children with autism spectrum disorders in general physical education. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 28(2), 113-131. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.28.2.113 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    75. Odgers-Jewell, K., Ball, L. E., Reidlinger, D. P., Isenring, E. A., Thomas, R., & Kelly, J. T. (2020). Replicating group-based education interventions for the management of type 2 diabetes: A review of intervention reporting. Diabetic Medicine, 37(5), 768-778. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.14158 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    76. Oriel, K. N., George, C. L., Peckus, R., & Semon, A. (2011). The effects of aerobic exercise on academic engagement in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 23(2), 187-193. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEP.0b013e318218f149 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    77. Oriel, K. N., Kanupka, J. W., Delong, K. S., & Noel, K. (2016). The impact of aquatic exercise on sleep behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 31(4), 254-261. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088357614559212 Go to original source...
    78. Oriel, K. N., Wood Kanupka, J., George, C. L., Himmelberger, B., Janke, B., & Repoley, M. (2017). The impact of participation in a structured aquatic exercise program on parents' perceptions of behavior in children with autism spectrum disorder. The Journal of Aquatic Physical Therapy, 25(1), 12-21. https://journals.lww.com/japt/toc/2017/25010
    79. Ottesen Løgstrup, C., Rasmussen, K., & Rasmussen, S. F. (2017). Motorik og faglig præstation for elever inden for autisme-spektrumforstyrrelser ved brug af teknologien FitLight Trainer [Motor control and intellectual performance in children with autism using the FitLight technology]. Specialpædagogik, 37(2), 34-47. https://tidsskriftetspecialpaedagogik.dk/shop/specialpaedagogik-nr-2-2017.html
    80. Pan, C. Y. (2010). Effects of water exercise swimming program on aquatic skills and social behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism, 14(1), 9-28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361309339496 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    81. Pan, C. Y., Chu, C. H., Tsai, C. L., Sung, M. C., Huang, C. Y., & Ma, W. Y. (2017). The impacts of physical activity intervention on physical and cognitive outcomes in children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 21(2), 190-202. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361316633562 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    82. Pan, H., Li Y., & Tan, H. (2018). Influences of sports games on autistic childrens communicative behaviour. Journal of Wuhan Institute of Physical Education, 52(1), 95. http://caod.oriprobe.com/articles/53326185/Influences_of_Sports_Games_on_Autistic_Children_s_.htm
    83. Parsons, L., Cordier, R., Munro, N., Joosten, A., & Speyer, R. (2017). A systematic review of pragmatic language interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder. PLoS ONE, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172242 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    84. Petrus, C., Adamson, S. R., Block, L., Einarson, S. J., Sharifnejad, M., & Harris, S. R. (2008). Effects of exercise interventions on stereotypic behaviours in children with autism spectrum disorder. Physiotherapy Canada, 60(2), 134-145. https://doi.org/10.3138/physio.60.2.134 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    85. Pitetti, K. H., Rendoff, A. D., Grover, T., & Beets, M. W. (2007). The efficacy of a 9-month treadmill walking program on the exercise capacity and weight reduction for adolescents with severe autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(6), 997-1006. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0238-3 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    86. Provenzani, U., Fusar-Poli, L., Brondino, N., Damiani, S., Vercesi, M., Meyer, N., Rocchetti, M., & Politi, P. (2020). What are we targeting when we treat autism spectrum disorder? A systematic review of 406 clinical trials. Autism, 24(2), 274-284. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361319854641 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    87. Pushkarenko, K., Reid, G., & Smith, V. (2016). Effects of enhanced structure in an aquatic environment for three boys with autism spectrum disorders: A pilot study. Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 22(2), 3-15. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1860802380
    88. Rafie, F., Ghasemi, A., Zamani Jam, A., & Jalali, S. (2017). Effect of exercise intervention on the perceptual-motor skills in adolescents with autism. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 57(1-2), 53-59. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.16.05919-3 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    89. Rasmussen, P. S., & Pagsberg, A. K. (2019). Customizing methodological approaches in qualitative research on vulnerable children with autism spectrum disorders. Societies, 9(4), 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc9040075 Go to original source...
    90. Reid, P. D., Factor, D. C., Freeman, N. L., & Sherman, J. (1988). The effects of physical exercise on three autistic and developmentally disordered adolescents. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 22(2), 47-56. https://js.sagamorepub.com/trj/article/view/4423
    91. Rosenthal-Malek, A., & Mitchell, S. (1997). Brief report: The effects of exercise on the self-stimulatory behaviors and positive responding of adolescents with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 27(2), 193-202. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025848009248 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    92. Rostami Haji Abadi, M., Zheng, Y., Wharton, T., Dell, C., Vatanparast, H., Johnston, J., & Kontulainen, S. (2021). Children with autism spectrum disorder spent 30 min less daily time in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity than typically developing peers: A meta-analysis of cross-sectional data. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 10, 144-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-021-00262-x Go to original source...
    93. Roth, B. D. (2015). The effectiveness of physical activity as a behavioral intervention for an adolescent with autism spectrum disorder. [University of Nebraska.] ProQuest Dissertations and Thesis.
    94. Sam, K.-L., Chow, B.-C., & Tong, K.-K. (2015). Effectiveness of exercise-based interventions for children with autism: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Learning and Teaching, 1(2), 98-103. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijlt.1.2.98-103 Go to original source...
    95. Schleien, S. J., & Miller, K. D. (2014). Parent perspectives of barriers to child participation in recreational activities. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 48(1), 61-73. https://js.sagamorepub.com/trj/article/view/3656
    96. Schmitz Olin, S., McFadden, B. A., Golem, D. L., Pellegrino, J. K., Walker, A. J., Sanders, D. J., & Arent, S. M. (2017). The effects of exercise dose on stereotypical behavior in children with autism. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 49(5), 983-990. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001197 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    97. Schneider, F. J. (1984). Effects of classes in "creative movement and pantomime" and "badminton" on total-body coordination in older dyslexic boys. Die Rehabilitation, 23(4), 148-154. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6515105
    98. Shams-Elden, M. (2017). Effect of aquatic exercises approach (hallwick-therapy) on motor skills for children with autism spectrum disorders. Science, Movement and Health, 17(2), 490-496.
    99. Sorensen, C., & Zarrett, N. (2014). Benefits of physical activity for adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: A comprehensive review. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1(4), 344-353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-014-0027-4 Go to original source...
    100. Sotoodeh, M. S., Arabameri, E., Panahibakhsh, M., Kheiroddin, F., Mirdoozandeh, H., & Ghanizadeh, A. (2017). Effectiveness of yoga training program on the severity of autism. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 28, 47-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2017.05.001 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    101. Sowa, M., & Meulenbroek, R. (2012). Effects of physical exercise on autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6(1), 46-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2011.09.001 Go to original source...
    102. Taliaferro, A., & Harris, N. P. (2014). The effects of a one-day workshop on physical educators' self-efficacy toward inclusion of students with autism. Palaestra, 28(3), 38-43. https://js.sagamorepub.com/index.php/palaestra/article/view/5946
    103. Tan, B. W. Z., Pooley, J. A., & Speelman, C. P. (2016). A meta-analytic review of the efficacy of physical exercise interventions on cognition in individuals with autism spectrum disorder and ADHD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(9), 3126-3143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2854-x Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    104. Tatsumi, Y., Mohri, I., Shimizu, S., Tachibana, M., Ohno, Y., & Taniike, M. (2015). Daytime physical activity and sleep in pre-schoolers with developmental disorders. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 51(4), 396-402. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.12725 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    105. The National Board of Health. (2015). Fakta om fysisk aktivitet. The National Board of Health. http://sundhedsstyrelsen.dk/da/sundhed/fysisk-aktivitet/fakta
    106. Thompson, D., & Emira, M. (2011). "They say every child matters, but they don't": An investigation into parental and carer perceptions of access to leisure facilities and respite care for children and young people with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) or attention deficit, hyperactivity d. Disability and Society, 26(1), 65-78. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2011.529667 Go to original source...
    107. Thren, N., & Engstrom, D. (2009). Autism and asperger syndrome: Effective teaching methods to appropriately challenge all students, regardless of ability, in an inclusive physical education setting. Pennsylvania Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 79, 19-22.
    108. Todd, T., & Reid, G. (2006). Increasing physical activity in individuals with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 21(3), 167-176. https://doi.org/10.1177/10883576060210030501 Go to original source...
    109. Todd, T., Reid, G., & Butler-Kisber, L. (2010). Cycling for students with ASD: Self-regulation promotes sustained physical activity. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 27(3), 226-241. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.27.3.226 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    110. Todd, T. (2007). Increasing physical activity and self-determination for individuals with autism spectrum disorder. [McGill University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Thesis.
    111. Toscano, C. V. A., Carvalho, H. M., & Ferreira, J. P. (2018). Exercise effects for children with autism spectrum disorder: Metabolic health, autistic traits, and quality of life. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 125(1), 126-146. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512517743823 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    112. Tricco, A. C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O'Brien, K. K., Colquhoun, H., Levac, D., Moher, D., Peters, M. D. J., Horsley, T., Weeks, L., Hempel, S., Akl, E. A., Chang, C., McGowan, J., Stewart, L., Hartling, L., Aldcroft, A., Wilson, M. G., Garritty, C., … Straus, S. E. (2018). PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation. Annals of Internal Medicine, 169(7), 467-473. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    113. Tse, A. C. Y., Lee, P. H., Zhang, J., & Lai, E. W. H. (2018). Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial examining the association between physical activity and sleep quality in children with autism spectrum disorder based on the melatonin-mediated mechanism model. BMJ Open, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020944 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    114. Vickerman, P. (2012). Including children with special educational needs in physical education: Has entitlement and accessibility been realised? Disability and Society, 27(2), 249-262. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2011.644934 Go to original source...
    115. Wachob, D., & Lorenzi, D. G. (2015). Brief report: Influence of physical activity on sleep quality in children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(8), 2641-2646. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2424-7 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    116. Watters, R. G., & Watters, W. E. (1980). Decreasing self-stimulatory behavior with physical exercise in a group of autistic boys. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 10(4), 379-387. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02414814 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    117. Yan, H., Cui, L., Pan, J., Ma, Q., Wang, Y., Hu, T., Li, X., & Chen, A. (2018) Developmental and empirical study of exercise intervention program for improving executive function of pupils with learning difficulties. Journal of Wuhan Institute of Physical Education, 52(6), 78. Http://caod.oriprobe.com/articles/54265156/Developmental_and_Empirical_Study_of_Exercise_Inte.htm
    118. Yanardag, M., Akmanoglu, N., & Yilmaz, I. (2013). The effectiveness of video prompting on teaching aquatic play skills for children with autism. Disability and Rehabilitation, 35(1), 47-56. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2012.687030 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    119. Yanardaǧ, M., Ergun, N., & Yilmaz, I. (2009). Effects of adapted exercise education on physical fitness in children with autism. Fizyoterapi Rehabilitasyon, 20(1), 25-31. https://avesis.hacettepe.edu.tr/yayin/6db19935-ee33-47f7-9860-8023c0efc6a1/effects-of-adapted-exercise-education-on-physical-fitness-in-children-with-autism
    120. Yang, Y.-J., Siao, M.-R., Tsai, F.-T., & Luo, H.-J. (2015). Effect of physical activity interventions on children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Physiotherapy, 101(1), e1685-e1686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2015.03.091 Go to original source...
    121. Yilmaz, I., Yanardaǧ, M., Birkan, B., & Bumin, G. (2004). Effects of swimming training on physical fitness and water orientation in autism. Pediatrics International, 46(5), 624-626. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200x.2004.01938.x Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    122. Yu, C. C. W., Wong, S. W. L., Lo, F. S. F., So, R. C. H., & Chan, D. F. Y. (2018). Study protocol: A randomized controlled trial study on the effect of a game-based exercise training program on promoting physical fitness and mental health in children with autism spectrum disorder. BMC Psychiatry, 18(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1635-9 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    123. Yun, X., & Ling-zhi. (2016). Effects of motion sensing games on children with autism. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 4, 761-765. https://caod.oriprobe.com/articles/50309878/Effects_of_Motion_Sensing_Games_on_Children_with_A.htm
    124. Zachor, D. A., Vardi, S., Baron-Eitan, S., Brodai-Meir, I., Ginossar, N., & Ben-Itzchak, E. (2017). The effectiveness of an outdoor adventure programme for young children with autism spectrum disorder: A controlled study. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 59(5), 550-556. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.13337 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    125. Zamani Jam, A., Talab, R. H., Sheikh, M., Torabi, F., & Rafie, F. (2018). The effect of 16 weeks gymnastic training on social skills and neuropsychiatric functions of autistic children. Sport Sciences for Health, 14(1), 209-214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-017-0417-y Go to original source...
    126. Zhao, M., & Chen, S. (2018). The effects of structured physical activity program on social interaction and communication for children with autism. BioMed Research International, 13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1825046 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    127. Zeidabadi, F., Malekpour, M., Faramarzi, S., Chopan zide, R., & Tagipour javan, A. (2013). The efficacy of psycho-motor skills training on executive functions amongst pre-school children with non-verbal learning disabilities. Advances in Cognitive Science, 15(3), 33-39. http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-151-en.html
    128. Zimmermann, W. (1978). Problems and results of work with severely mentally retarded, physically fit children and adolescents with disorders from the clinical and educational-psychological viewpoint. Zeitschrift Fur Arztliche Fortbildung, 72(16), 787-791. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/716486 Go to PubMed...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content