European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity 18, 9 (2025) | DOI: 10.5507/euj.2025.004

Quality of life and health among severely disabled persons after participation in Team Twin – an assisted recreational running program: A 16-week quasi-experimental single-arm study

Andreas Jørgensen1,2,3*,, Mette Toftager3,, Mark P.P. Lyngbaek4,, Grit E. Legaard4,, Mathias Ried-Larsen4,, Christina Bjørk Petersen1,5
$1National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 1455 Copenhagen, Denmark
$2Health Sciences Research Centre, UCL University College, Odense, Denmark
$3Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
$4Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
$5Center for Clinical Research and Prevention Copenhagen University Hospital – Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark;

There is limited research on the health benefits of recreational sports for adults with severe physical disabilities. The Danish Team Twin has introduced an inclusive push-assisted running activity that involves both people with and without disabilities running together using specially designed running chairs. This study aimed to determine if participation in this activity could improve quality of life (QoL) and physical, mental and social health outcomes. The study was conducted over 16 weeks, with one weekly push-assisted running session averaging 77 minutes each. A single-arm pre-post design was applied. Health outcomes and participation perception were collected through self-reporting questionnaires (QoL, bio-psycho-social health, and programme experiences) and clinical examinations (cardiometabolic markers and body composition). The data were analysed using general mixed models and descriptive statistics. Twenty-one individuals completed an average of 10 push-assisted running sessions over the study period. The results showed no statistically significant difference in the primary outcome of QoL (p = .42) or other health-related outcomes. However, participants perceived the programme positively and reported experiencing joy, social belonging, motivation, and engagement. In conclusion, while there was no association between participation in Team Twin and QoL and health outcomes, the reported outcomes generally resembled the background population at baseline and follow-up. Future research is warranted to investigate participants’ experiences to identify aspects of participation-related health and well-being.

Keywords: inclusion; community-based; health promotion; programme evaluation

Received: January 30, 2024; Revised: January 21, 2025; Accepted: March 10, 2025; Published online: December 31, 2025  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Jørgensen, A., Toftager, M., Lyngbaek, M.P.P., Legaard, G.E., Ried-Larsen, M., & Petersen, C.B. (2025). Quality of life and health among severely disabled persons after participation in Team Twin – an assisted recreational running program: A 16-week quasi-experimental single-arm study. European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity, 18, Article 9. https://doi.org/10.5507/euj.2025.004
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Aitchison, B., Rushton, A. B., Martin, P., Barr, M., Soundy, A., & Heneghan, N. R. (2021). The experiences and perceived health benefits of individuals with a disability participating in sport: A systematic review and narrative synthesis. Disability and Health Journal, 101164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2021.101164 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    2. Albrecht, G. L., & Devlieger, P. J. (1999). The disability paradox: High quality of life against all odds. Social Science & Medicine, 48(8), 977-988. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00411-0 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    3. Assistive Technology Data-Denmark. (2024). Team Twin edition. https://hmi-basen.dk/en/r11x.asp?linkinfo=47803
    4. Barfield, J. P., Malone, L. A., Collins, J. M., & Ruble, S. B. (2005). Disability type influences heart rate response during power wheelchair sport. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 37(5), 718-723. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000161807.77552.8b Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    5. Barfield, J. P., Newsome, L., & Malone, L. A. (2016). Exercise intensity during power wheelchair soccer. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 97(11), 1938-1944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2016.05.012 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    6. Bech, P. (2012). Subjective positive well-being. World Psychiatry, 11(2), 105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wpsyc.2012.05.021 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    7. Benner, J. L., McPhee, P. G., Gorter, J. W., Hurvitz, E. A., Peterson, M. D., Obeid, J., Wright, M., Balemans, A. C. J., Verschuren, O., van den Berg-Emons, R. H. J., van der Slot, W. M. A., & Roebroeck, M. E. (2019). Focus on risk factors for cardiometabolic disease in cerebral palsy: Toward a core set of outcome measurement instruments. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 100(12), 2389-2398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2019.04.012 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    8. Bull, F. C., Al-Ansari, S. S., Biddle, S., Borodulin, K., Buman, M. P., Cardon, G., ... & Willumsen, J. F. (2020). World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(24), 1451-1462. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102955 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    9. Cantril, H. (1965). Pattern of human concerns. Rutgers University Press.
    10. Chun, S., Lee, Y., Lundberg, N., McCormick, B., & Heo, J. (2008). Contribution of community integration to quality of life for participants of community-based adaptive sport programs. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 42(4), 217-226. https://bctra.org/wp-content/uploads/tr_journals/903-3530-1-PB.pdf
    11. Colver, A., Fairhurst, C., & Pharoah, P. O. (2014). Cerebral palsy. The Lancet, 383(9924), 1240-1249. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61835-8 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    12. Danish Health Authority. (2017). Guide til trivselsindekset: WHO-5 [Guide to the WHO-5 well-being index]. Danish Health Authority. https://www.sst.dk/media/julfogtj/guide-who-5.pdf
    13. Diaz, R., Miller, E. K., Kraus, E., & Fredericson, M. (2019). Impact of adaptive sports participation on quality of life. Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review, 27(2), 73-82. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSA.0000000000000242 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    14. Dirienzo, L. N., Dirienzo, L. T., & Baceski, D. A. (2007). Heart rate response to therapeutic riding in children with cerebral palsy: An exploratory study. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 19(2), 160-165. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEP.0b013e31804a57a8 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    15. Duvall, J., Satpute, S., Cooper, R., & Cooper, R. A. (2021). A review of adaptive sport opportunities for power wheelchair users. Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology, 16(4), 407-413. https://doi.org/10.1080/17483107.2020.1767220 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    16. eHealth - Danish Healthcare Services. (2022a). Blood samples. HbA1c * 2h-OGTT*HDL-C*LDL-C
    17. eHealth - Danish Healthcare Services. (2022b). Blood pressure
    18. https://www.sundhed.dk/sundhedsfaglig/laegehaandbogen/undersoegelser-og-proever/kliniske-procedurer/hjertekar/blodtryksmaaling/
    19. Erlandsson, L., Eklund, M., & Persson, D. (2011). Occupational value and relationships to meaning and health: Elaborations of the ValMO-model. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 18(1), 72-80. https://doi.org/10.3109/11038121003671619 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    20. Evans, M. B., Shirazipour, C. H., Allan, V., Zanhour, M., Sweet, S. N., Ginis, K. A. M., & Latimer-Cheung, A. (2018). Integrating insights from the parasport community to understand optimal experiences: The quality parasport participation framework. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 37, 79-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.04.009 Go to original source...
    21. García-Rudolph, A., Saurí, J., López Carballo, J., Cegarra, B., Wright, M. A., Opisso, E., & Tormos, J. M. (2022). The impact of COVID-19 on community integration, quality of life, depression and anxiety in people with chronic spinal cord injury. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 45(5), 681-690. https://doi.org/10.1080/10790268.2021.1922230 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    22. Hague, C. (2023). Hope on the slopes: Occupational therapy's role in adaptive ski programming (Capstone project). Western Michigan University. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1046&context=capstone_projects
    23. Hammel, J., Magasi, S., Heinemann, A., Gray, D. B., Stark, S., Kisala, P., Carlozzi, N. E., Tulsky, D., Garcia, S. F., & Hahn, E. A. (2015). Environmental barriers and supports to everyday participation: A qualitative insider perspective from people with disabilities. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 96(4), 578-588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2014.12.008 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    24. Harper, A., Power, M., & WHOQOL Group. (1998). Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment. Psychological Medicine, 28, 551-558. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/77932/WHO_HIS_HSI_Rev.2012.03_eng.pdf?sequence=1 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    25. Helliwell, J. F., Wang, S., Huang, H., & Norton, M. (2022). Happiness, benevolence, and trust during COVID-19 and beyond. In J. F. Helliwell, R. Layard, J. D. Sachs, J.-E. De Neve, L. B. Aknin, & S. Wang (Eds.), World Happiness Report 2022 (pp. 13-46). Sustainable Development Solutions Network. https://files.worldhappiness.report/WHR22.pdf
    26. Iezzoni, L. I. (2011). Eliminating health and health care disparities among the growing population of people with disabilities. Health Affairs, 30(10), 1947-1954. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0613 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    27. Iron Brothers (2021). Iron Brothers: how Pedro and Miguel help cerebral palsy. Hospital da Luz. Available from: https://www.hospitaldaluz.pt/en/media/news/iron-brothers-how-help-cerebral-palsy & https://www.facebook.com/IRONBROTHERSTRI/
    28. Ives, B., Clayton, B., Brittain, I., & Mackintosh, C. (2021). 'I'll always find a perfectly justified reason for not doing it': Challenges for disability sport and physical activity in the United Kingdom. Sport in Society, 24(4), 588-606. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2019.1703683 Go to original source...
    29. Jaarsma, E. A., Dijkstra, P. U., Geertzen, J. H. B., & Dekker, R. (2014). Barriers to and facilitators of sports participation for people with physical disabilities: A systematic review. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 24(6), 871-881. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12218 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    30. Jackson, J., Williams, T. L., McEachern, B. M., Latimer-Cheung, A., & Tomasone, J. R. (2019). Fostering quality experiences: Qualitative perspectives from program members and providers in a community-based exercise program for adults with physical disabilities. Disability and Health Journal, 12(2), 296-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2018.11.008 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    31. Jahnsen, R., Villien, L., Aamodt, G., Stanghelle, J., & Holm, I. (2004). Musculoskeletal pain in adults with cerebral palsy compared with the general population. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 36(2), 78-84. https://doi.org/10.1080/16501970310018305 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    32. Jeffress, M. S., & Brown, W. J. (2017). Opportunities and benefits for powerchair users through power soccer. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 34(3), 235-255. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.2016-0022 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    33. Jensen, H. A. R., Davidsen, M., Ekholm, O., & Christensen, A. I. (2018). Danskernes sundhed: Den nationale sundhedsprofil 2017 [The health of Danes: The national health profile 2017]. Danish Health Authority & National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark. https://www.sdu.dk/sif/-/media/images/sif/sidste_chance/sif/udgivelser/2018/den_nationale_sundhedsprofil_2017.pdf
    34. Jespersen, L. N. (2018). Measuring quality of life and participation in a population with diverse disabilities [Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern Denmark].
    35. Jørgensen, A., Petersen, C. B., Eghøj, M., & Toftager, M. (2021). When movement moves: Study protocol for a multi-method pre/post evaluation study of two programmes; the Danish Team Twin and Cycling Without Age. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19), 10008. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910008 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    36. Jørgensen, A., Toftager, M., Eghøj, M., Ried-Larsen, M., & Bjørk Petersen, C. (2023). Heart rate responses, agreement and accuracy among persons with severe disabilities participating in the indirect movement program: Team Twin-An observational study. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 5, 1213655. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2023.1213655 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    37. Khasnabis, C., Heinicke Motsch, K., Achu, K., et al. (Eds.). (2010). Community-based rehabilitation: CBR guidelines. World Health Organization. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK310922/ (Chapter: Recreation, leisure and sports)
    38. Klenk, C., Albrecht, J., & Nagel, S. (2019). Social participation of people with disabilities in organized community sport. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 49(4), 365-380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-019-00584-3 Go to original source...
    39. Labbé, D., Miller, W. C., & Ng, R. (2019). Participating more, participating better: Health benefits of adaptive leisure for people with disabilities. Disability and Health Journal, 12(2), 287-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2018.11.007 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    40. Lai, B., Lee, E., Kim, Y., Matthews, C., Swanson-Kimani, E., Davis, D., Vogtle, L., & Rimmer, J. H. (2021). Leisure-time physical activity interventions for children and adults with cerebral palsy: A scoping review. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 63(2), 162-171. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.14751 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    41. Levin, K. A., & Currie, C. (2014). Reliability and validity of an adapted version of the Cantril Ladder for use with adolescent samples. Social Indicators Research, 119(2), 1047-1063. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0507-4 Go to original source...
    42. Man, K. E., Sawula, L., Gurd, B. J., Taylor, S., Allen, M. D., & Tomasone, J. R. (2022). Perceptions and experiences of exercise participation among persons with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A qualitative study. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 15(3), 431-448. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2022.2128397 Go to original source...
    43. Martin Ginis, K. A., & West, C. R. (2021). From guidelines to practice: Development and implementation of disability-specific physical activity guidelines. Disability and Rehabilitation, 43(24), 3432-3439. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2020.1757167 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    44. Martin Ginis, K. A., Evans, M. B., Mortenson, W. B., & Noreau, L. (2017). Broadening the conceptualization of participation of persons with physical disabilities: A configurative review and recommendations. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 98(2), 395-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2016.04.017 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    45. Martin Ginis, K. A., van der Ploeg, H. P., Foster, C., Lai, B., McBride, C. B., Ng, K., Pratt, M., Shirazipour, C. H., Smith, B., Vásquez, P. M., & Heath, G. W. (2021). Participation of people living with disabilities in physical activity: A global perspective. The Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01164-8 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    46. Martin Ginis, K. A., Gee, C. M., Sinden, A. R., Tomasone, J. R., & Latimer-Cheung, A. (2024). Relationships between sport and exercise participation and subjective well-being among adults with physical disabilities: Is participation quality more important than participation quantity? Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 70, 102535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102535 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    47. Martin Ginis, K. A., Ma, J. K., Latimer-Cheung, A., & Rimmer, J. H. (2016). A systematic review of review articles addressing factors related to physical activity participation among children and adults with physical disabilities. Health Psychology Review, 10(4), 478-494. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2016.1198240 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    48. Mayer, W. E., & Anderson, L. S. (2014). Perceptions of people with disabilities and their families about segregated and inclusive recreation involvement. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 48(2). https://bctra.org/wp-content/uploads/tr_journals/5192-16618-1-SM.pdf
    49. McPhee, P. G., Verschuren, O., Peterson, M. D., Tang, A., & Gorter, J. W. (2020). The formula for health and well-being in individuals with cerebral palsy: Cross-sectional data on physical activity, sleep, and nutrition. Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine, 44(4), 301-310. https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.19156 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    50. Mesterman, R., Leitner, Y., Yifat, R., Gilutz, G., Levi-Hakeini, O., Bitchonsky, O., Rosenbaum, P., & Harel, S. (2010). Cerebral palsy-long-term medical, functional, educational, and psychosocial outcomes. Journal of Child Neurology, 25(1), 36-42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073809336677 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    51. Morris, A., Imms, C., Kerr, C., & Adair, B. (2019). Sustained participation in community-based physical activity by adolescents with cerebral palsy: A qualitative study. Disability and Rehabilitation, 41(25), 3043-3051. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2018.1486466 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    52. Nielsen, L., Damsgaard, M. T., Meilstrup, C., Koushede, V., Henriksen, P. W., Nelausen, M. K., ... & Holstein, B. (2012). Psykisk sundhed og trivsel - konceptuelle og metodiske overvejelser [Mental health and wellbeing - Conceptual and methodological considerations]. National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark.
    53. Nielsen, T., Friderichsen, I. S., & Rayce, S. B. (2021). Classification of loneliness using the T-ILS: Is it as simple as it seems? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 62, 104-115. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12697 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    54. Nordin, M., Åkerstedt, T., & Nordin, S. (2013). Psychometric evaluation and normative data for the Karolinska Sleep Questionnaire. Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 11, 216-226. https://doi.org/10.1111/sbr.12024 Go to original source...
    55. Orr, K., Evans, M. B., Tamminen, K. A., & Arbour-Nicitopoulos, K. (2020). A scoping review of recreational sport programs for disabled emerging adults. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 91(1), 142-157. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2019.1653432 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    56. Persson, D., & Erlandsson, L. (2010). Evaluating OVal-9, an instrument for detecting experiences of value in daily occupations. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 26(1), 32-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/01642120903515284 Go to original source...
    57. Persson, D., Erlandsson, L., Eklund, M., & Iwarsson, S. (2001). Value dimensions, meaning, and complexity in human occupation: A tentative structure for analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 8(1), 7-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/11038120119727 Go to original source...
    58. Peterson, M. D., Gordon, P. M., & Hurvitz, E. A. (2013). Chronic disease risk among adults with cerebral palsy: The role of premature sarcopenia, obesity and sedentary behaviour. Obesity Reviews, 14(2), 171-182. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2012.01052.x Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    59. Rosendahl, H., Davidsen, M., Møller, S. R., Román, J. E. I., Kragelund, K., Christensen, A. I., & Ekholm, O. (2022). Danskernes sundhed: Den nationale sundhedsprofil 2021 [The health of Danes: The national health profile 2021]. Sundhedsstyrelsen. https://www.sst.dk/media/javjd1a4/sundhedsprofilen.pdf
    60. Sahlin, K. B., & Lexell, J. (2015). Impact of organized sports on activity, participation, and quality of life in people with neurologic disabilities. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 7, 1081-1088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.03.019 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    61. Santini, Z., Ekholm, O., Koyanagi, A., Stewart-Brown, S., Nielsen, L., Meilstrup, C., Koushede, V., & Thygesen, L. (2023). Pain and associated functional impairment in the Danish general population: The role of mental well-being. Journal of Public Mental Health. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMH-07-2023-0065 Go to original source...
    62. Selph, S. S., Skelly, A. C., Wasson, N., Dettori, J. R., Brodt, E. D., Ensrud, E., Elliot, D., Dissinger, K. M., & McDonagh, M. (2021). Physical activity and the health of wheelchair users: A systematic review in multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, and spinal cord injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 102(12), 2464-2481.e33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2021.10.002 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    63. Strauss, D., Brooks, J., Rosenbloom, L., & Shavelle, R. (2008). Life expectancy in cerebral palsy: An update. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 50, 487-493. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03000.x Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    64. Stumbo, N. J., Wang, Y., & Pegg, S. (2011). Issues of access: What matters to people with disabilities as they seek leisure experiences. World Leisure Journal, 53(2), 91-103. https://doi.org/10.1080/04419057.2011.580549 Go to original source...
    65. Team Twin Foundation. (2020). Team Twin - We Run Together. https://teamtvilling.dk/
    66. The Hoyt Foundation. (2023). Team Hoyt - 'Yes you can'. https://teamhoyt.com/
    67. The Kyle Pease Foundation. (2024). The Kyle Pease Foundation. https://kylepeasefoundation.org/
    68. United Nations. (2006). Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Optional Protocol. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Disability. https://www.un.org/disabilities/documents/convention/convoptprot-e.pdf
    69. van Gorp, M., Hilberink, S. R., Noten, S., Benner, J. L., Stam, H. J., van der Slot, W. M. A., & Roebroeck, M. E. (2020). Epidemiology of cerebral palsy in adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the most frequently studied outcomes. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 101(6), 1041-1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2020.01.00 9 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    70. Verschuren, O., Peterson, M. D., Balemans, A. C., & Hurvitz, E. A. (2016). Exercise and physical activity recommendations for people with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 58(8), 798-808. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.13053 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    71. Ware, J. E., Kosinski, M., & Keller, S. D. (1996). A 12-item short-form health survey: Construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Medical Care, 34(3), 220-233. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005650-199603000-00003 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    72. World Health Organization. (2024). The World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5) (License: CC-BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO). World Health Organization. https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/mental-health/who-5_english-original4da539d6ed4b49389e3afe47cda2326a.pdf?sfvrsn=ed43f352_11&download=true
    73. Winther, H., Kissow, A.-M., Pedersen, M. T., & Sandahl, C. (2018). Forundersøgelse om Team Tvilling: Når bevægelse bevæger: Om betydningen af positive kropsoplevelser, ligeværdige relationer og identitetsudviklende fællesskaber for mennesker med store bevægelsesbegrænsninger [Pilot study on Team Twin: The importance of positive body experiences, equal relationships, and identity-developing communities for people with severe movement limitations]. Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen. https://researchprofiles.ku.dk/files/203550376/Forundersoegelse_om_Team_Tvilling_Naar_bevaegelse_bevaeger_rapport.pdf

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content