European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity 6, 47-57 (2013) | DOI: 10.5507/euj.2013.010

PHYSICAL EXERCISE, STRESS, COPING, BURNOUT AND FATIGUE IN PERSONS WITH INCOMPLETE SPINAL CORD INJURY

Anne M. Lannem
Department of Coaching and Psychology, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences and Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital, Norway

The aim of this study was first to examine the prevalence of burnout and fatigue in a sample of persons with incomplete Spinal Cord Injury (SCI). The second aim was to investigate how self-perceptions of exercise and coping with disability-stress influenced the association between stress caused by disability and burnout or fatigue. A mailed survey was performed. A total of 186 persons, 142 males and 44 females, ages between 18 - 87 years, were included in the study. Years post-injury ranged from 2 to 55. The main findings were that 15 % experienced burnout and 63% perceived fatigue or borderline fatigue. In order to perform path analysis, the method described by Baron and Kenny (1986) was used. Stress caused by the disability was indirectly linked to burnout and fatigue. Physical exercise and degree of coping with the disability-stress buffered the negative effects from stress caused by the disability on both burnout and fatigue.

Keywords: incomplete spinal cord injury, physical exercise, psychological aspects

Published: July 31, 2013  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Lannem, A.M. (2013). PHYSICAL EXERCISE, STRESS, COPING, BURNOUT AND FATIGUE IN PERSONS WITH INCOMPLETE SPINAL CORD INJURY. European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity, 6(2), 47-57. doi: 10.5507/euj.2013.010
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Aires, N., Selmer, R., & Thelle, D. (2003). The validity of self-reported leisure time physical activity, and its relationship to serum cholesterol, blood pressure and body mass index. A population based study of 332,182 men and women aged 40-42 years. European Journal of Epidemiology, 18, 479-485. Go to original source...
    2. Aitken, R. C. (1969). Measurement of feelings using visual analogue scales. Procedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 62, 989-993. Go to original source...
    3. Anton, H. A., Miller, W. C., & Townson, A. F. (2008). Measuring fatigue in persons with spinal cord injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 89, 538-542. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    4. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    5. Buchholz, A. C., McGillivray, C. F., & Pencharz, P. B. (2003). Physical activity levels are low in free-living adults with chronic paraplegia. Obesity Research, 11, 563-570. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    6. Burns, A. S., & Ditunno, J. F. (2001). Establishing prognosis and maximizing functional outcomes after spinal cord injury: a review of current and future directions in rehabilitation management. Spine, 26, S137-S145. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    7. Chaudhuri, A., & Behan, P. O. (2004). Fatigue in neurological disorders. Lancet, 363, 978988. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    8. Craig, C. L., Marshall, A. L., Sjostrom, M., Bauman, A. E., Booth, M. L., Ainsworth, B. E. et al. (2003). International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35, 1381-1395. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    9. Eriksen, H. R., Murison, R., Pensgaard, A. M., & Ursin, H. (2005). Cognitive activation theory of stress (CATS): from fish brains to the Olympics. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 933-938. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    10. Fawkes-Kirby, T. M., Wheeler, M. A., Anton, H. A., Miller, W. C., Townson, A. F., & Weeks, C. A. (2008). Clinical correlates of fatigue in spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, 46, 21-25. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    11. Furlong, M., & Connor, J. P. (2007). The measurement of disability-related stress in wheelchair users. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 88, 12601267. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    12. Gerhart, K. A., Weitzenkamp, D. A., Kennedy, P., Glass, C. A., & Charlifue, S. W. (1999). Correlates of stress in long-term spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, 37, 183-190. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    13. Graff-Iversen, S., Anderssen, S. A., Holme, I. M., Jenum, A. K., & Raastad, T. (2008). Two short questionnaires on leisure-time physical activity compared with serum lipids, anthropometric measurements and aerobic power in a suburban population from Oslo, Norway. European Journal of Epidemiology, 23, 167-174. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    14. Hallsten, L., Bellagh, K., & Gustafsson, K. (2002). Burnout in Sweden: a national survey. (Rep. No. 6). Stockholm, Sweden: Arbetslivsinstitutet.
    15. Harvey, L. A., Lin, C. W., Glinsky, J. V., & De, W. A. (2009). The effectiveness of physical interventions for people with spinal cord injuries: a systematic review. Spinal Cord, 47, 184-195. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    16. Herlofson, K., & Larsen, J. P. (2002). Measuring fatigue in patients with Parkinson's disease - the Fatigue Severity Scale. European Journal of Neurology, 9, 595-600. Go to original source...
    17. Kennedy, P., Evans, M. J., Berry, C., & Mullin, J. (2003). Comparative analysis of goal achievement during rehabilitation for older and younger adults with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, 41, 44-52. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    18. Krupp, L. B., LaRocca, N. G., Muir-Nash, J., & Steinberg, A. D. (1989). The fatigue severity scale. Application to patients with multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Archives of Neurology, 46, 1121-1123. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    19. Lannem, A. M., & Sorensen, M. (in review). The role of physical exercise, perceived exercise mastery and stress in persons with incomplete Spinal Cord Injury (SCI).
    20. Lannem, A. M., Sorensen, M., Lidal, I. B., & Hjeltnes, N. (2010). Perceptions of exercise mastery in persons with complete and incomplete spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, 48, 388-392. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    21. Latimer, A. E., Martin Ginis, K. A., & Hicks, A. L. (2005). Buffering the effects of stress on well-being among individuals with spinal cord injury. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 39, 131-138.
    22. Lemyre, P. N., Hall, H. K., & Roberts, G. C. (2008). A social cognitive approach to burnout in elite athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 18, 221-234. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    23. Leone, S. S., Wessely, S., Huibers, M. J., Knottnerus, J. A., & Kant, I. (2010). Two sides of the same coin? On the history and phenomenology of chronic fatigue and burnout. Psychology and Health, 1-16.
    24. Lerdal, A., Wahl, A., Rustoen, T., Hanestad, B. R., & Moum, T. (2005). Fatigue in the general population: a translation and test of the psychometric properties of the Norwegian version of the fatigue severity scale. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 33, 123-130. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    25. Marino, R. J., Barros, T., Biering-Sorensen, F., Burns, S. P., Donovan, W. H., Graves, D. E. et al. (2003). International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med, 26 Suppl 1, S50S56. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    26. Martin Ginis, K. A., Latimer, A. E., McKechnie, K., Ditor, D. S., McCartney, N., Hicks, A. L. et al. (2003). Using exercise to enhance subjective well-being among people with spinal cord injury: the mediating influences of stress and pain. Rehabilitation Psychology, 48, 157-164. Go to original source...
    27. Maslach, C. (1993). Burnout. A multidimensional perspective. In W.B.Schaufeli, C. Maslach, & T. Marek (Eds.), Professional Burnout. Recent Developments in Theory and Research (pp. 19-32). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis. Go to original source...
    28. Pines, A., & Aronson, E. (1988). How Burned Out Are You? In Career Burnout: Causes and Cures. (2. ed., pp. 218-222). New York: The Free Press, A divition of Macmillan, Inc.
    29. Quale, A. J., Schanke, A. K., Froslie, K. F., & Roise, O. (2009). Severity of injury does not have any impact on posttraumatic stress symptoms in severely injured patients. Injury, 40, 498-505. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    30. Raedeke, T. D. (1997). Is athlete burnout more than just stress? A Sport Commitment Perspective. Journal of Sports and Exercise Psychology, 19, 396-417. Go to original source...
    31. Raedeke, T. D., & Smith, A. L. (2001). Development and preliminary validation of an athlete burnout measure. Journal of Sports and Exercise Psychology, 19, 396417. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    32. Roberts, G. C., & Kristiansen, E. (2012). Goal setting to enhance motivation in sport. In G. C. Roberts & D. C. Treasure (Eds.), Advances in motivation in sport and exercise (3rd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Go to original source...
    33. Saebu, M., & Sorensen, M. (2010). Factors associated with physical activity among young adults with a disability. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. Go to original source...
    34. Sallis, J. F., & Saelens, B. E. (2000). Assessment of physical activity by selfreport: status, limitations, and future directions. Res.Q.Exerc.Sport, 71, S1-14. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    35. Saltin, B., & Grimby, G. (1968). Physiological analysis of middle-aged and old former athletes. Comparison with still active athletes of the same ages. Circulation, 38, 1104-1115. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    36. Schanke, A. K., & Stanghelle, J. K. (2001). Fatigue in polio survivors. Spinal Cord, 39, 243-251. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    37. Schaufeli, W. B., Enzmann, D., & Girault, N. (1993). Measurement of burnout. In Schaufeli W.B., Maslach, C., & Marek, T. (Eds.), Professional Burnout: Recent Developments in Theory and Research. (pp. 199-215). Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis. Go to original source...
    38. Sorensen, M. (1997). Self-referent thoughts in exercise: The self-perception in exercise questionnaire. European Journal of Phsychological Assessment, 13, 195-205. Go to original source...
    39. Ursin, H., & Eriksen, H. R. (2004). The cognitive activation theory of stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29, 567-592. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    40. Wessely, S. (2001). Chronic fatigue: symptom and syndrome. Annals of Internal Medicine, 134, 838-843. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    41. Wilhelmsen, L., Tibblin, G., Aurell, M., Bjure, J., Ekström-Jodal, B., & Grimby, G. (1976). Physical activity, physical fitness and risk of myocardial infarction. Advances in Cardiology, 18, 217-230. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    42. Wilhelmsen, M. (2009). Samordnet levekårsundersøkelse 2008.Tverrsnitts undersøkelsen. (Coordinated investigation of living conditions) (Rep. No. 2009/40). Statistics Norway.

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content