European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity 7, 50-57 (2014) | DOI: 10.5507/euj.2014.004

STATIC BALANCE OF PERSONS WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES, VISUAL IMPAIRMENT AND WITHOUT DISABILITIES

Aija Klavina, Ilze Jekabsone
Academy of Sport Education of Latvia

This study aimed to compare static balance of students with severe intellectual disabilities (SID), visualimpairment (VI) and non-disabled (ND) persons 18-24 years of age. Eleven students with VI, nine with SIDand eleven ND students performed the One-Leg Stance balance test (10s). The Digital Balance Analyzer(DBA) platform was used to measure the Balance Index (range from 0 "excellent balance" to 10 "very poorbalance"). Subjects performed tests in open and closed eyes conditions. On right leg with open eyes resultsindicated statistically significant differences between both groups of students with disabilities and nondisabledstudents (p < .05), while results between groups of students with disabilities were not significantlydifferent. The mean scores on the left leg with open eyes were not significantly different among the threegroups (p >.05). In tests on both legs with closed eyes significant difference was in mean results for studentswith VI (p <.05), while no differences were found for students with and without SID (p >.05). The mainfinding of this study was that static balance scores were inferior in VI group than in SID and ND group.Finally, all participants demonstrated significantly better static balance skills on right leg than on left leg.

Keywords: Static balance, visual impairment, intellectual disability

Prepublished online: January 7, 2014; Published: March 31, 2014  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Klavina, A., & Jekabsone, I. (2014). STATIC BALANCE OF PERSONS WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES, VISUAL IMPAIRMENT AND WITHOUT DISABILITIES. European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity, 7(1), 50-57. doi: 10.5507/euj.2014.004
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Anand, V., Buckley, F. G., Scally, A., & Elliott, D.B. (2003). Postural stability in the elderly during sensory pertubations and dual tasking: the influence of refractive blur. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 44, 2885-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    2. Aydog, E., Aydog, S. T., Cakci, A., Doral, M. N. (2006). Dynamic postural stability in blind athletes using the biodex stability system. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 27(5), 415-8. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    3. Black, A. A., Wood, J.M., Lovie-Kitchin, J. E., & Newman, B. M. (2008). Visual impairment and postural sway among older adults with glaucoma. Optometry and Vision Science, 85(6), 489-97. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    4. Blomqvist, S., Olsson, J., & Wallin, L. (2013) Adolescents with intellectual disability have reduced postural balance and muscle performance in trunk and lower limbs compared to peers without intellectual disability. Journal of Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(1), 198-206. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    5. Carmel, E., Bar-Chad, S., Lotan, M., Merrick, J. & Colleman, R. (2003). Five Clinical Tests to Assess Balance Following Ball Exercises and Treadmill Training in Adult Persons With Intellectual Disability. The Journals of Gerontology, 58 (8), 767-772. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    6. Carvalho, R. L., & Almeida, G. L. (2009). Assessment of postural adjustments in persons with intellectual disability during balance on the seesaw. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 6. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    7. Dellavia, C., Pallavera, A., Orlando, F., & Sforza, C. (2009) Postural stability of athletes in special olympics. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 108, 608-622. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    8. Enkelaar, L., Smulders E., van Schrojenstein Lantman -de Valk, H., Geurts, A. C. H., & Weerdesteyn, V. (2011) A review of balance and gait capacities in relation to fall in persons with intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33(1), 291-306. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    9. Friedrich, M., Grein, H. J., Wicher, C., Schuetze, J., Mueller, A., Lauenroth, A. (2008). Influence of pathologic and simulated visual dysfunctions on thepostural system. Experimental Brain Research. 86(2), 305-14. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    10. Gagnon, I., Swaine, B., Friedman, D. (2004) Children show decreased dynamicbalance after mild traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 85, 444-452. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    11. Giagazoglou, P., Amiridis, I. G., Zafeiridis, A., Thimara, M., Kouvelioti, V., & Kellis, E. (2009). Static balance control and lower limb strength in blind and sighted women. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 107(5), 571-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    12. Hakkinen, A., Holopainen, E., Kautiainen, H., Sillanpaa, E., & Hakkinen, E. (2006). Neuromuscular function and balance prepubertal and pubertal blind and sighted boys. Acta Paediatrica, 95(10), 1277-83. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    13. Hale, L., Bray, A., & Littman, A. (2006). Assessing the balance capabilities of persons with profound intellectual disabilities who have experienced a fall. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 51(4), 260-268. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    14. Hale, L., Bray, A., & Littman, A. (2007). Assessing the balance capabilities of people with profound intellectual disabilities who have experience a fall. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 51(4), 260-268. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    15. Hale, L., Miller, R., Barach, A., Skinner, M., & Gray, A. (2009). Motor control test responses to balance perturbations in adults with an intellectual disability. Journal of intellectual and Developmental Disability, 34, 81-86. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    16. Hallemans, A., Orbitus, E., Meire, F., & Aerts, P. (2010). Low vision affects dynamic stability and gait. Gait & Posture, 32(4), 547-551. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    17. Hands, B., & Larkin, D. (2006). Physical fitness differences in children with and without motor learning difficulties. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 21, 447-456. Go to original source...
    18. Hatzitaki, V., Zisi, V., & Kollias, I. (2002). Perceptual-motor contributions to static and dynamic balance control in children. Journal of Motor Behavior, 34, 161-170. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    19. Hazime, F. A., Allard, P., Ide, M. R., Siqueira, C. M., Amorim, C.F., & Tanaka, C. (2012) Postural control under visual and proprioceptive perturbations during double and single limb stance. Journal of Body Movement and Therapy. 16(2), 224-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    20. Hoffman, M., Schrader, J., Applegate, T. & Koceja, D. (1998). Unilateral postural control of the functionally dominant and nondominant extremities of healthy subjects. Journal of Athletic Training 33, 319-322. Go to PubMed...
    21. Horvat, M., Ray, C., Ramsey, V., Miszko, T., Keeney, R., & Blasch, B. (2003). Compensatory analysis and strategies for balance in individuals with visual impairments. Journal of Visual Impairment and Blind, 97, 695-703. Go to original source...
    22. Hsu, W. L., Scholz, J. P., Schoner, G., Jeka, J. J., & Kiemel, T. (2007) Control and estimation of posture during quiet stance depends on multijoint coordination. Journal of Neurophysiology, 97(4), 3024-35. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    23. Jover, M., Schmitz, C., & Centelles, L. (2010) Anticipatory postural adjustments in a bimanual load-lifting task in children with developmental coordination disorder. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 52, 850-855. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    24. Krishnamoorthy, V., Yang, J. F., & Scholz, J.P. (2005). Joint coordination during quiet stance: effects of vision. Experimental of Brain Research, 164(1), 1-17. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    25. Kubilay, N. S., Yildrim, Y., Kara, B., & Akdur, H. H. (2011). Effect of balancetraining and posture exercises on functional level in mental retardation. Fizyoterapi Rehabilitasyon, 22(2), 55-64.
    26. Liepina, I. (2011). Promotion of balance abilities for sport climbers. Unpublished doctoral theses, Latvian academy of Sport Education.
    27. Lord, S. R. (2006). Visual risk factors for falls in older people. Age and Ageing, 35(2), ii42- ii45. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    28. Lord, S. R., & Menz, H. B. (2000). Visual contributions to postural stability in older adults. Gerontology. 46, 306-10. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    29. Loughran, S., Tennant, N., Kishore, A., & Swan, I. R. (2005). Interobserver reliability in evaluating postural stability between clinicians and posturography. Clinical Otolaryngology. 30(3), 255-7. Go to original source...
    30. Massion, J. (1992). Movement, posture and equilibrium: Interaction and coordination. Progress in Neurobiology, 38, 35-56. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    31. Maurberg - de Castro, E., Lucenam C. S., Bruna, W. C., Boni, R. C., Campbell, D. F., & Moares, R. (2010). Haptic Stabilization of Posture in Adults with Intellectual Disabilities Using Nonrigid Tool. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 27, 208-225. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    32. McCurdy, K., & Langford, G. (2006). The relationship between maximum unilateral squat strength and balance in young adult men and women. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 5, 282-288.
    33. Oppewal, A., Hilgenkamp, I. M. T., van Wijck, R., & Evenhuis, H. M. (2013). Feasibility and outcomes of the Berg Balance Scale in older adults with intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(9), 2743-1752. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    34. Ross, S., Guskiewicz, K., Prentice, W., Schneider, R.& Yu, B. (2004). Comparison of biomechanical factors between the kicking and stance limbs. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 13, 135-150 Go to original source...
    35. Schmid, M., Nardone, A., De Nunzio, A. M., Schmid, M., & Schieppati, M. (2007). Equilibrium during static and dynamic tasks in blind subjects: no evidence of crossmodal plasticity. Brain, 130 (8), 2097-107. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    36. Sforza, C., Eid, L., & Ferrario, V.F. (2000). Sensorial afferents and center of foot pressure in blind and sighted adults. Journal of Visual Impairment and Blind. 94(2), 97- 107. Go to original source...
    37. Shumway-Cook, A., & Woollacott, M.H. (2003) Motor Control: Theory and Practical applications. 2a ed. Sao Paulo: Manole, 153-78.
    38. Shumway-Cook, A., Gruber, W., Baldwin, M., & Liao, S. (1997). The effect of multidimensional exercises on balance, mobility, and fall risk in community dwelling older adults. Physical Therapy, 77, 46-57. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    39. Studenski, S., Duncan, P. W., Chandler, J., Samsa, G., Prescott, B., Hogue, C., & Bearon, L.B. (1994). Predicting falls: The role of mobility and nonphysical factors. Journal of American Geriatrics Society, 42, 297-304 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    40. Volman, M. J., Visser, J. J., & Lensvelt-Mulders, G. J. (2007). Functional status in 5 to 7-year-old children with Down syndrome in relation to motor ability and performance mental ability. Disability Rehabilitation, 29, 25-3. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    41. Tomomitsu, M. S. V., Castilho, A., Morimoto, E., Bobbio, T., & Greve, J. M. D. (2013). Static and dynamic postural control in low -vision and normal - vision adults. Clinics, 13(4), 517-521. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    42. Topper, A. K., Maki, B. E., & Holliday, P. J. (1993). Are activity-based assessments of balance and gait in the elderly predictive of risk of falling and or type of fall? Journal of American Geriatric Society, 41, 479-487 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    43. Vuillerme, N., Marin, L., & Debu, B. (2001). Assessment of static postural control in teenagers with Down syndrome. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 18, 417-433. Go to original source...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content